Table of Contents:
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xix |
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A
Historical Introduction |
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1 |
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9 |
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9 |
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9 |
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Precession: Rotating
System of Reference |
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10 |
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Rotation: Excitation
by RF Pulses |
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11 |
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Excitation of a
Selected Slice: Gradient Field |
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13 |
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Free Induction Decay
(FID) |
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15 |
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16 |
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Determination of
Position in the Read-Out Direction |
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18 |
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Determination of
Position in the Phase-Encode Direction |
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19 |
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19 |
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Object Slice: Voxels
and Image Pixels |
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20 |
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21 |
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25 |
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27 |
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29 |
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Deviations from the
Homogeneous Magnetic Field |
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32 |
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35 |
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Gradient Power Supply
and Rise Time |
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38 |
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39 |
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41 |
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42 |
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48 |
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51 |
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53 |
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Conventional Imaging
Methods |
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55 |
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55 |
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55 |
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58 |
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58 |
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59 |
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Slice-Selective RF
Pulses |
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59 |
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62 |
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Power Dissipation in
an RF Pulse |
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63 |
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The Spin-Echo Imaging
Sequence |
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64 |
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68 |
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69 |
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Sampling Point-Spread
Function |
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72 |
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Thinking in Terms of k
Space |
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72 |
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Contrast in Spin-Echo
Sequences |
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77 |
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Scan Parameters and
System Design |
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77 |
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79 |
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Multiple-Slice
Acquisition |
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80 |
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Imaging with
Three-Dimensional Encoding |
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81 |
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The Field-Echo Imaging
Sequence |
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82 |
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84 |
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87 |
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Magnetization
Preparation |
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88 |
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A T1 Preparation
Pulse: Inversion Recovery |
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89 |
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Other Types of
Magnetization Preparation |
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91 |
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Imaging Methods with
Advanced k-Space Trajectories |
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135 |
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135 |
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137 |
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139 |
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Sources of Artifacts
in TSE Images |
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141 |
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144 |
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146 |
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Artifacts Due to T*2
Decay and Field Inhomogeneities |
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147 |
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Artifacts Due to T*2
Decay |
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148 |
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Artifacts Due to
Resonance Offset |
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150 |
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Artifacts Due to
Gradient Field Properties and Errors |
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151 |
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Combination of TSE and
EPI: GRASE |
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154 |
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156 |
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156 |
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158 |
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160 |
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161 |
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Artifacts in Spiral
Imaging |
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163 |
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165 |
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165 |
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Some Remarks on the
Reconstruction of Exotic Scans |
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166 |
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Two-Dimensional
Excitation Pulses |
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167 |
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Steady-State
Gradient-Echo Imaging |
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193 |
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193 |
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195 |
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197 |
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198 |
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199 |
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201 |
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Response to RF Pulses
with α < 90° |
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202 |
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Echoes as a Result of
Many Excitations |
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203 |
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ECHO Components and RF
Phase Cycling |
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204 |
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Suppressing the
Spatial Variation of the Signal |
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207 |
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Conclusions of the
Qualitative Description |
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208 |
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209 |
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209 |
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209 |
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210 |
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Rotation and
Precession Matrix |
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211 |
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212 |
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212 |
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Steady-State
Gradient-Echo Methods (FE and FFE) |
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219 |
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Sequences with Very
Long TR |
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219 |
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Sequences with T1 >
TR > T2 |
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220 |
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Sequences with Small
TR (TR ~ T2) |
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220 |
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Large Net-Gradient
Surface |
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220 |
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224 |
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FID Measurement with
Spoiling of M-T: T1-FFE (FLASH) |
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227 |
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FFE with Short TR in
Steady State |
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228 |
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N-FFE, T2-FFE, and R-FFE
with TR <lt; T2 |
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229 |
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231 |
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232 |
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233 |
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Transient-State
Gradient-Echo Imaging |
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247 |
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247 |
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Signal Level During
Transient State |
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249 |
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Approach to Steady
State by Assuming RF Spoiling |
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250 |
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Approach to Steady
State Without Spoiling |
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252 |
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Magnetization
Preparation |
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255 |
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Pre-pulse to Avoid the
Transient State in T1-FFE |
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256 |
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257 |
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258 |
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Survey of Transient
Gradient Echo Methods |
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259 |
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Contrast and
Signal-to-Noise Ratio |
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271 |
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271 |
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271 |
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The Physical Mechanism
of Relaxation in Tissue |
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273 |
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The BPP Theory of
Relaxation in Homogeneous Matter |
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274 |
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Relaxation Effects in
Tissue |
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276 |
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276 |
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Compartments and Slow
Exchange |
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276 |
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277 |
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281 |
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Signal-to-Noise Ratio
(SNR) |
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283 |
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Fundamental Expression
for the SNR |
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284 |
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Patient Loading of the
Receiving Circuit |
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285 |
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Low-Field and
High-Field Systems |
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287 |
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Practical Expression
for the SNR |
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288 |
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Introduction of the
Scanning Parameters |
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289 |
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Influence of the
Receiver on the SNR |
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290 |
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Influence of
Relaxation on the SNR |
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291 |
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Application to
Practical Situations |
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292 |
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SNR for Non-uniform
Sampling of the k Plane |
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296 |
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296 |
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Non-uniform Sampling
with Non-linear Trajectories |
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299 |
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Reduced Matrix
Acquisition |
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299 |
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Other Partial-Scan
Methods |
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300 |
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321 |
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321 |
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Moving Structures,
Artifacts, and Imaging Methods |
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322 |
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322 |
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324 |
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Ordering of Phase
Encoding |
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324 |
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325 |
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325 |
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Correction of
Respiratory Movement Using Navigator Echoes |
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325 |
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327 |
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Phase Shift Due to
Flow in Gradient Fields |
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328 |
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Velocity Measurement
Using a Bipolar Gradient |
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330 |
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Velocity-Insensitive
Gradient Waveform |
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332 |
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332 |
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Influence of Field
Inhomogeneities and Eddy Currents |
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334 |
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335 |
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Ghosting Due to
Pulsating Flow |
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335 |
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335 |
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Shift in
Phase-Encoding Direction Due to Flow |
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336 |
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Velocity-Insensitive
Imaging Sequences: Flow Compensation |
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337 |
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337 |
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337 |
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Phase-Encoding
Direction: Correction for Misregistration |
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338 |
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339 |
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340 |
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Phase-Contrast
Angiography |
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341 |
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Quantitative Flow
Based on Phase Contrast |
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341 |
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344 |
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344 |
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Contrast-Enhanced MR
Angiography |
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346 |
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MR Angiography Based
on Magnetization Preparation |
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349 |
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354 |
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Artifacts in Modulus
Contrast Angiography |
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355 |
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Modulus-Contrast
Quantitative Flow Measurements |
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357 |
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358 |
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MR Perfusion Imaging
with Dynamic Bolus Studies |
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358 |
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361 |
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364 |
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Measurement with
Diffusion Sensitization in One Direction |
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366 |
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Diffusion Imaging of
the Brain |
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368 |
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371 |
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Partitioning of the
Magnetization into Configurations |
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423 |
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423 |
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Configurations and
Phase Diagrams |
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423 |
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429 |
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Magnetization
Expressed in Discrete Fourier Series |
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430 |
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431 |
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Effect of Rotation and
Precession on the Configurations |
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434 |
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Precession Matrix
Including (Free) Diffusion |
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436 |
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Use of the Theory of
Configurations to Describe the Examples in Sect. 8.1 |
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437 |
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Multiple Spin-Echo
Example |
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438 |
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Eight-Ball Echo and
Stimulated Echo Examples |
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440 |
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Multi-excitation Pulse
Sequences |
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441 |
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443 |
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Excitation Profile for
Burst with Single-Phase Excitation |
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446 |
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Optimized Burst
Excitation Using Phase Modulation |
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448 |
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Combination of Burst
with TSE |
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451 |
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Gradient Recalled
Burst Sequences |
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452 |
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454 |
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Theory of
Configurations and Well-Known Fast-Imaging Sequences |
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455 |
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455 |
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458 |
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Rotation and
Precession Matrices and RF Pulse Design |
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462 |
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Shinnar--Le Roux (SLR)
Transformation |
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463 |
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The Inverse Shinnar--Le
Roux Transformation (ISLR Transformation) |
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465 |
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Appendix |
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473 |
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References |
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477 |
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Index of Abbreviated Terms |
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493 |
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Index |
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495 |
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